"Safeguard Practical Wisdom"

Godly Wisdom is a gift from Jehovah, one that we should safeguard. Solomon said: "My son, . . . safeguard practical wisdom and thinking ability." (Proverbs 3:21) Sadly, Solomon himself failed to do that. He remained wise as long as he kept an obedient heart. But in the end, his many foreign wives turned his heart away from the pure worship of Jehovah. (1 Kings 11:1-8) Solomon's outcome illustrates that knowledge is of little value if we do not put it to good use.

How can we safeguard practical wisdom? Not only must we regularly read the Bible and the Bible-based publications provided by "the faithful and discreet slave" but we must also endeavor to apply what we learn. (Matthew 24:45) We have every reason to apply divine wisdom. It means a better way of life now. It enables us to "get a firm hold on real life"-life in God's new world. (1 Timothy 6:19) And most important, cultivating the wisdom from above draws us closer to the source of all wisdom, Jehovah God.

Next time: "He First Loved Us"

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

"Not Making Partial Disinctions, Not Hypocritical"

"Not making partial distinctions." Godly wisdom rises above racial prejudice and national pride. If we are guided by such wisdom, we endeavor to root out of our hearts any tendency to show favoritism. (James 2:9) We do not give preferential treatment to others on the basis of their educational background, financial standing, or congregational responsibility; nor do we look down on any of our fellow worshipers, regardless of how lowly they may seem to be. If Jehovah has made such ones recipients of his love, we should certainly deem them worthy of our love.

"Not hypocritical." The Greek word for "hypocrite" can refer to "an actor who played a role." In ancient times, Greek and Roman actors wore masks when performing. Hence, The Greek word "hypocrite" came to apply to one putting on a pretense, or one playing false. this aspect of godly wisdom should influence not just how we treat fellow worshipers but also how we feel about them.

The apostle Peter noted that our "obedience to the truth" should result in brotherly affection that is not hypocritical. (1 Peter 1:22) Yes, our affection for our brothers must not be put on for show. We do not wear masks or play roles in order to deceive others. Our affection must be genuine, heartfelt. If it is, we will earn the trust of our fellow believers, for they will know that we are what we appear to be. Such sincerity paves the way for open and honest relationships between Christians and helps to create a trusting atmosphere in the congregation.

Next time: "Safeguard Practical Wisdom"

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

"Full Of Mercy And Good Fruits"

"Full of mercy and good fruits." Mercy is an important part of the wisdom from above, for such wisdom is said to be "full of mercy." Notice that "mercy" and "good fruits" are mentioned together. This is fitting, for in the Bible, mercy most often refers to an active concern for others, a compassion that produces a rich crop of kindly deeds. One reference work defines mercy as "a feeling of sorrow over someone's bad situation and trying to do something about it." Hence, godly wisdom is not dry, heartless or merely intellectual. Instead, it is warm, heartfelt and sensitive. How can we show that we are full of mercy?

Surely and important way is by sharing the good news of God's Kingdom with others. What motivates us to do this work? Primarily, it is love for God. But we are also motivated by mercy,or compassion for others. (Matthew 22:37-39) Many today are "Skinned and thrown about like sheep without a shepherd." (Matthew 9:36) They have been neglected and blinded spiritually by false religious shepherds. As a result, they do not know of the wise guidance found in God's Word or of the blessings that the Kingdom will soon bring to this earth. When we thus ponder the spiritual needs of those around us, our heartfelt compassion moves us to do all we can to tell them of Jehovah's loving purpose.

In what other ways can we show that we are full of mercy? Recall Jesus' illustration of the Samaritan who found a traveler lying by the roadside, robbed and beaten. Moved with compassion, the Samaritan "acted mercifully," binding the victim's wounds and caring for him. (Luke 10:29-37) Does this not illustrate that mercy involves offering practical help to those in need? The Bible tells us to "work what is good toward all, but especially toward those related to us in faith." (Galatians 6:10) Consider some possibilities. An older fellow believer may need transportation to and from Christian meetings. A widow in the congregation may need help with repairs on her home. (James 1:27) A discouraged one may need a "good word" to cheer him up. (Proverbs 12:25) When we show mercy in such ways, we give proof that the wisdom from above is at work with us.

Next time: "Not Making Partial Distinctions, Not Hypocritical"

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

"Reasonable, Ready To Obey"

"Reasonable." What does it mean to be reasonable? According to scholars, the original Greek word rendered "reasonable" at James 3:17 is difficult to translate. Translators have used such words as "gentle," "forebearing" and "considerate." A footnote in the New World Translation indicates that the literal meaning is "yielding." How can we demonstrate that this aspect of the wisdom from above is at work in us?

"Let your reasonableness become known to all men," says Philippians 4:5. Another translation reads: "Have a reputation for being reasonable." (The New Testament in Modern English, by J.B. Phillips) Notice that it is not so much a question of how we see ourselves; it is a question of how others see us, of how we are known. A reasonable person does not always insist on the letter of the law or on having his own way. Instead, he is willing to listen to others and, when appropriate, to yield to their wishes. He is also gentle, not rough or harsh, in his dealings with others. While this is essential for all Christians, it is especially important for those serving as elders. Gentleness attracts, making elders approachable. (1 Thessalonians 2:7, 8) We all do well to ask ourselves, 'Do I have reputation for being considerate, yielding and gentle?'

"Ready to obey." The Greek word rendered "ready to obey" is not found elsewhere in the Christian Greek Scriptures,. According to one scholar, this word "is often used of military discipline." It conveys the idea of "easy to be persuaded" and submissive." One who is governed by the wisdom from above readily submits to what the Scriptures say. He is not known as one who makes up his mind and then refuses to be influenced by any facts that contradict him. Rather, he is quick to change when he is presented with clear Scriptural evidence that he has taken a wrong stand or has drawn erroneous conclusions. Is that how you are know by other?

Next time: "Full Of Mercy And Good Fruits"

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

"Chaste, Then Peaceable"

"First of all chaste." To be chaste means to be pure and undefiled not just outwardly but inwardly. The Bible associates wisdom with the heart, but heavenly wisdom cannot enter into a heart that is defiled by wicked thoughts, desires and motives. (Proverbs 2:10; Matthew 15:19, 20) However, if our heart is chaste-that is, as far as is possible for imperfect humans-we will "turn away from what is bad and do what is good." (Psalm 37:27; Proverbs 3:7) Is it not fitting that chasteness is the first quality of wisdom listed? After all, if we are not morally and spiritual clean, how can we truly reflect the other qualities of the wisdom from above?

"Then peaceable." Heavenly wisdom moves us to pursue peace, which is a fruit of God's spirit. (Galatians 5:22) We strive to avoid disrupting the "bond of peace" that unites Jehovah's people. (Ephesians 4:3) We also do our best to restore peace when it is disturbed. Why is this important? The Bible says: "Continue . . .To live peaceably and the God of love and of peace will be with you." (2 Corinthians 13:11) So as long as we continue to live peaceably, the God of peace will be with us. The way we treat fellow worshipers has a direct bearing on our relationship with Jehovah. How can we prove ourselves to be peacemakers? Consider an example.

What should you do if you sense that you have offended a fellow worshiper? Jesus said: "If, then, you are bringing your gift to the altar and you there remember that your brother has something against you, leave your gift there in front of the altar, and go away; first make our peace with your brother, and then, when you have come back, offer up your gift." (Matthew 5:23, 24) You can apply that counsel by taking the initiative to go to your brother. With what objective? To "make your peace" with him. To that end, you need to acknowledge, not deny, his hurt feelings. If you approach him with the goal of restoring peace and maintain that attitude, likely any misunderstanding can be cleared up, appropriate apologies made, and forgiveness extended. When you go out of your way to make peace, you show that you are guided by godly wisdom.

Next time: "Reasonable, Ready To Obey"

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

"Acquire Wisdom"-How?

Must we have great intelligence or be highly educated in order to receive godly wisdom? No, Jehovah is willing to share his wisdom with us regardless of our background and education. (1Corinthians 1:26-29) But we must take the initiative, for the Bible urges us to "acquire wisdom." (Proverbs 4:7) How can we do so?

First,we need to fear God. "The fear of Jehovah is the start of wisdom "[the first step to wisdom," The New English Bible], says Proverbs 9:10. Fear of God is the foundation of true wisdom. Why? Recall that wisdom involves the ability to use knowledge successfully. To fear God is, not to cower before him in terror, but to bow before him in awe, respect and trust. Such fear is wholesome and powerfully motivating. It moves us to bring our life into harmony with our knowledge of God's will and ways. There is no wiser course that we could take, for Jehovah's standards always promote the highest good for those who follow them.

Second, we must be humble and modest. Godly wisdom cannot exist without humility and modesty. (Proverbs 11:2) Why is that? If we are humble and modest, we are willing to admit that we do not have all the answers, that our opinions are not always right, and that we need to know Jehovah's mind on matters. Jehovah "opposes the haughty ones," but he is pleased to grant wisdom to those who are humble at heart. -James 4:6.

A third essential is the study of God's written Word. Jehovah's wisdom is revealed in h his Word. To acquire that wisdom, we must put forth the effort to dig for it. (Proverbs 2:1-5) A fourth requirement is prayer. If we sincerely ask God for wisdom, he will be generous in giving it. (James 1:5) Our prayers for the help of his spirit will not go unanswered. And his spirit can enable us to solve problems, ward off danger and make wise decisions. -Luke 11:13.

As we noted in Chapter 17, Jehovah's wisdom is practical. Hence, if we have truly acquired godly wisdom, it will be evident in the way we conduct ourselves. The disciple James described the fruits of divine wisdom when he wrote: "The wisdom from above is first of all chaste, then peaceable, reasonable, ready to obey, full of mercy and good fruits, not making partial distinctions, not hypocritical." (James 3:17) As we discuss each of these aspects of divine wisdom, we might ask ourselves, 'Is the wisdom from above in my life?'

Next time: "Chaste, Then Peaceable"

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

Is"The Wisdom From Above" At Work In Your Life?

IT WAS a difficult case-two women arguing over a baby. The women shared a home, and each had given birth to a son, just days apart. One of the babies had died, and now each woman claimed to be the mother of the living baby. There were no other witnesses to what had happened. The case had likely been heard in a lower court but not resolved. Finally, the dispute was taken to Solomon, the King of Israel. Would he be able to uncover the truth?

After listening for awhile as the women argued, Solomon called for a sword. then, with seeming conviction, he ordered that the child be cut in two, with half given to each woman. At once, the real mother pleaded with the king to give the baby -her precious child-to the other woman. But the other woman kept insisting that the child be cut in two. Solomon now knew the truth. He had knowledge of a mother's tender compassion for the child of her womb, and he used that knowledge to settle this dispute. imagine the mother's relief when Solomon awarded her the baby and said: "She is his mother." -1 Kings 3:16-27.

Extraordinary wisdom, was it not? When the people heard how Solomon had resolved the case, they were in awe, "for they saw that the wisdom of God was within him." Yes, Solomon 's wisdom was a divine gift. Jehovah had given him "a wise and understanding heart." (1Kings 3:12, 28) But what about us? May we too receive godly wisdom? Yes, for under inspiration, Solomon wrote: "Jehovah himself gives wisdom." (Proverbs 2:6) Jehovah promises to give wisdom-the ability to put knowledge, understanding and discernment to good use-to those who sincerely seek it. How may we acquire wisdom from above? And how can we put it to work in our life?

Next time: "Acquire Wisdom"-How?

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

The Conclusion Of His Way Of Life

As we noted in chapter 20, the Bible associates humility and mildness with wisdom. Jehovah, of course, sets the best example in this regard. But what about Jesus? It is heartwarming to see the humility Jesus showed in dealing with his disciples. As a perfect man, he was superior to them. Yet, he did not look down on his disciples. Never did he seek to make them feel inferior or incompetent. On the contrary, he was considerate of their limitations and patient with their shortcomings. (Mark 14:34-38; John 6:12) Is it not significant that even children felt at ease with Jesus? Surely they felt drawn to him because they sensed that he was "mild-tempered and lowly in hear." -Matthew 11:29; Mark 10:13-16.

Jesus showed godly humility in yet another important way. He was reasonable, or yielding, when mercy made this proper. Recall, for example, the time when a Gentile woman begged him to cure her badly demonized daughter. In three different ways, Jesus initially indicated that he was not going to help her-first, by refraining from answering her; second by stating directly that he has been sent forth, not to the Gentiles, but to the Jews; and third, by giving an illustration that kindly made the same point. However, the woman persisted, giving evidence of extraordinary faith. In the light of this exceptional circumstance, how did Jesus respond? He did exactly what he had indicated he would not do. He cured the woman's daughter. (Matthew 15:21-28) Remarkable humility is it not? And remember, humility is at the root of genuine wisdom.

How thankful we can be that the Gospels reveal to us the words and actions of the wisest man who ever lived! Let us remember that Jesus was a perfect reflection of his Father. By imitating the personality, speech, and ways of Jesus, we will be cultivating the wisdom from above. In the next chapter, we will see how we can put godly wisdom to work in our life.

Next time: Is "The Wisdom From Above" At Work In Your Life?

Draw Close To Jehovah, 20026

His Way Of Life

A third area in which Jesus reflected Jehovah's wisdom was his manner of life. Wisdom is practical; it works. "Who among you is wise?" Asked the disciple James. Then he answered his own question, saying: "Let his right conduct give practical proof of it." (James 3:13, The New English Bible) The way Jesus conducted himself gave "practical proof" that he was governed by divine wisdom. Let us consider how he demonstrated sound judgment, both in his way of life and in his dealings with others.

Have you noticed that people who lace good judgment often go to extremes? Yes, it takes wisdom to be balanced. Reflecting godly wisdom, Jesus had perfect balance. Above all else, he gave spiritual things first place in his life. He was intensely occupied with the work of declaring the good news. "It is for this purpose I have gone out," he said. (Mark 1:38) Naturally, material things were not of primary importance to him; it seems that he had very little materially. (Matthew 8:20) However, he was not an ascetic, Like his Father, "the happy God," Jesus was a joyful person, and he added to the joy of others. (1 Timothy 1:11; 6:15) When he attended a wedding feast-typically an event marked by music, singing and rejoicing-he was not there to cast a pall over the occasion. When the wine ran out, he turned water into fine wine, a beverage that "makes the heart of mortal man rejoice." (Psalm 104:15; John 2:1-11) Jesus accepted many invitations to meals, and he often used such occasions to teach. -Luke 10:38-42; 14:1-6.

Jesus manifested flawless judgment in his dealings with others. His insight into human nature gave him a clear-sighted view of his disciples. He well knew that they were not perfect. Yet, he discerned their good qualities. He saw the potential in these men whom Jehovah had drawn. (1John 6:44) Despite their shortcomings, Jesus showed a willingness to trust them. Demonstrating that trust, he delegated a heavy responsibility to his disciples. He commissioned them to preach the good news, and he had confidence in their ability to fulfill that commission. (Matthew 28:19, 20) The book of Acts testifies that they faithfully followed through on the work he had commanded them to do. (Acts 2:41. 42; 4:33; 5:27-32) Clearly, then, Jesus had been wise to trust them.

Next time: The conclusion of His Way Of Life

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

Conclusion of His Manner Of Teaching

Jesus sometimes combined methods by weaving thought-provoking questions into his illustrations. When a Jewish lawyer asked Jesus what was required to gain everlasting life, Jesus referred him to the Mosaic Law, which commands love of God and neighbor. Wanting to prove himself righteous, the man asked: "Who really is my neighbor? " Jesus answered by telling a story. A certain Jewish man was traveling alone when he was assaulted by robbers, who left him half dead. Along came two Jews, first a priest and then a Levite. Both ignored him., But then, a certain Samaritan come upon the scene. Moved with pity, he gently dressed the victim's wounds and lovingly carried the man to the safety of an inn where he could recover. Concluding the story, Jesus asked his inquirer: "Who of these three seems to you to have made himself a neighbor to the man that fell among the robbers?" The man was compelled to answer: "The one that acted mercifully toward him." -Luke 10:25-37.

How does the parable reflect the wisdom of Jesus? In Jesus' day, the Jews applied the term "neighbor" only to those who kept their traditions-certainly not to Samaritans. (John 4:9) Had Jesus told the story with a Samaritan victim and a Jewish helper, would that have overturned the prejudice? Jesus wisely framed the story so that a Samaritan tenderly cared for a Jew. Notice, too, the question Jesus asked at the end of the story. He shifted the focus of the term "neighbor." The lawyer had, in effect, asked: 'Who should be the object of my neighborly love?' But Jesus asked: "Who of these three seems to you to have made himself a neighbor?" Jesus focused, not on the one who received the kindness, the victim, but on the one who showed the kindness, the Samaritan. A true neighbor takes the initiative to show love to others regardless of their ethnic background. Jesus could hardly have made his point more effectively.

Is it any wonder that people were astounded at Jesus' "way of teaching" and were drawn to him? (Matthew 7:28, 29) On one occasion "a big crowd" remained near him for three days, even going without food! - Mark8:1, 2.

Next time: His Way Of Life

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

HIs Manner Of Teaching

A second area in which Jesus reflected God's wisdom was his manner of teaching. On one occasion, some soldiers who had been sent to arrest him returned empty-handed, saying: "Never has another man spoken like this." (John 7:45, 46) This was no exaggeration. Of all the humans who have ever lived, Jesus who was "from the realms above," had the greatest reservoir of knowledge and experience from which to draw. (John 8:23) He truly taught as no other human could teach. Consider just two of the methods of this wise Teacher.

Effective use of illustrations. "Jesus spoke to the crowds by illustrations," we are told. "Indeed, without an illustration he would not speak to them." (Matthew 13:34) We cannot help but marvel at his matchless ability to teach profound truths through everyday things. Farmers planting seeds, women preparing to bake bread, children playing in the marketplace, fishermen hauling in nets, shepherds searching for lost sheep-these were things his listeners had seen many times. When important truths are tied in with familiar things, such truths are etched quickly and deeply on the mind and heart. -Matthew 11:16-19; 13:3-8, 33, 47-50; 18:12-14.

Jesus often use parables, short stories from which moral or spiritual truths are drawn. Since stories are easier to grasp and remember than abstract ideas, the parables helped to preserve Jesus' teaching. In many parables, Jesus described his Father with vivid word pictures that could not easily be forgotten. For example, who cannot comprehend the point of the parable of the prodigal son-that when one has gone astray shows genuine repentance, Jehovah will feel pity and tenderly accept that one back? -Luke 15:11-32.

Skillful use of questions. Jesus used questions to get his listeners to arrive at their own conclusions, examine their motives, or make decisions. (Matthew 12:24-30; 17:24-27; 22:41-46) When the religious leaders questioned whether he had God-given authority, Jesus replied: "Was the baptism by John from heaven or from men? Stunned by the question, they reasoned among themselves: "If we say, 'From heaven,' he will say to us, 'why then, did you not believe him?' If, though, we say, 'from men,' we have the crowd to fear, for they all hold John as a prophet." Finally, they answered: "We do not know." (Mark 11:27-33); Matthew 21:23-27) With a simple question, Jesus left them speechless and revealed the treachery in their hearts.

Next time: The conclusion of His Manner Of Teaching

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

What He Taught

First, consider what Jesus taught. The theme of his message was "the good news of the kingdom." (Luke 4:43) That was highly important because of the role of the Kingdom would play in vindicating Jehovah's sovereignty and in bringing lasting blessing to mankind. In his teaching, Jesus also offered wise counsel for everyday living. He proved himself to be the foretold "Wonderful Counselor." (Isaiah 9:6) Indeed, how could his counsel be anything but wonderful? He had a profound knowledge of God's Word and will, a keen understanding of human nature, and a deep love for humankind. Hence, his counsel was always practical and in the best interests of his listeners. Jesus uttered "sayings of everlasting life." Yes, when followed, his counsel leads to salvation. -John 6:68

The Sermon on the Mount is an outstanding example of the unparalleled wisdom found in the teaching of Jesus. This sermon, as recorded in Matthew 5:3-7:27, would likely take only 20 minutes to deliver. Its counsel, however, is timeless-as relevant today as when it was first given. Jesus covered a wide range of subjects, including how to improve relations with others (5:23-26, 38-42; 7:1-5, 12), how to keep morally clean (5:27-32), and how to live a meaningful life. (6:19-24; 7:24-27). But Jesus did more than just tell his listeners what the course of wisdom is; he showed them by explaining, reasoning and offering proof.

Consider, for example, Jesus' wise counsel on how to deal with anxiety about material things, as stated in Matthew chapter 6. "Stop being anxious about your souls as to what you will eat or what you will drink, or about your bodies as to what you will wear," Jesus advises us. (Verse 25) Food and clothing are basic necessities, and it is only natural to be concerned about obtaining these. But Jesus tells us to "stop being anxious" about such things. Why?

Listen as Jesus reasons convincingly. Since Jehovah has given us life and a body, can he not provide food to sustain that life and raiment to clothe that body? (Verse 25) If God provides birds with food and he clothes the flowers with beauty, how much more will he care for his human worshipers! (Verses 26, 28-30) Really, undue anxiety is pointless anyway. It cannot extend out life even by a fraction. (Verse 27) How can we avoid anxiety? Jesus counsels us: Continue giving worship of God priority in life. Those who do so can be confident that all their daily needs "will be added" to them by their heavenly Father. (Verse 33) Finally, Jesus give a most practical suggestion-take one day at a time. Why add tomorrow's anxieties to those of today? (Verse 34) Besides, why worry unduly about things that may never happen? Applying such wise counsel can spare us much heartache in this stressful world.

Clearly, the counsel Jesus provided is as practical today as it was when it was given nearly 2,000 years ago. Is that not evidence of wisdom from above? Even the best advice from human counselors tends to become outdated and is soon revised or replaced, The teaching of Jesus, however, have stood the test of time. But that should not surprise us, for this Wonderful Counselor spoke "the sayings of God." -John 3:34.

Next time: His Manner Of Teaching

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

Jesus Reveals The "Wisdom From God"

The audience was stunned. The young man Jesus was standing before them in the synagogue and teaching. He was no stranger to them-he had grown up in their city, and for years he had worked among them as a carpenter. Perhaps some of them lived in houses that Jesus had helped to build, or maybe they worked their land with plows and yokes that he had made with his own hands. But how would they respond to the teaching of this former carpenter?

Most of those listening were astounded asking: " Where did this man get this wisdom?" But they also remarked: "This is the Carpenter the son of Mary." (Matthew 13:54-58; Mark 6:1-3) Sadly Jesus' onetime neighbors reasoned, 'This carpenter is just a local man like us.' Despite the wisdom in his words, they rejected him. Little did they know that the wisdom he shared was not his own.

Where did Jesus get this wisdom? "What I teach is not mine," he said, "But belongs to him that sent me." (John 7:16) The apostle Paul explained that Jesus "has become to us wisdom from God." (1 Corinthians 1:30) Jehovah's own wisdom is revealed through his Son, Jesus. Indeed,this was true to such an extent that Jesus could say: "I and the Father are one." (John 10:30) Let us examine three ares in which Jesus manifested the "wisdom from God."

Next time: What He Taught

Draw Close To Jehovah,2002

Conclusion of How Jehovah Displays Reasonableness

Finally, Jehovah is reasonable in what he expects of us. King David said: "He himself well knows the formation of us, remembering that we are dust." (Psalm 103:14) Jehovah understands our limitations and our imperfections better than we ourselves do. He never expects of us more than we can do. The Bible contrasts those human masters who are "good and reasonable" with those who are "hard to please." (1 Peter 2:18) Which type of master is Jehovah? Note what Proverbs 19:17 says: "He that is showing favor to the lowly one in lending to Jehovah." Clearly, only a good and reasonable master would take note of every act of kindness performed in behalf of the lowly ones. More than that, this scripture suggests that the Creator of the universe, in effect, views himself as indebted to the mere humans who perform such deeds of mercy! Here is humility of the most profound kind.

Jehovah is just as mild and reasonable in his dealings with his servants today. When we pray in faith, he listens. And even though he does not send angelic messengers to speak to us, we should not conclude that our prayers go unanswered by him. Recall that when the apostle Paul asked fellow believers to "carry on prayer" for his release from prison, he added: "That I may be restored to you the sooner." (Hebrews 13:18, 19) So our prayers may actually move Jehovah to do what he might not have done otherwise! -James 5:16.

Of course none of these manifestations of Jehovah's humility-his mildness, his willingness to listen, his patience, his reasonableness-mean that Jehovah compromises his righteous principles. The clergy of Christendom may think that they are being reasonable when they tickle the ears of their flocks by watering down Jehovah's moral standards. (2 Timothy 4:3) But the human tendency to compromise for the sake of expediency has nothing to do with divine reasonableness. Jehovah is holy; never will he pollute his righteous standards. (Leviticus 11:44) Let us, then, love Jehovah's reasonableness for what it is-a proof of his humility. Do you not thrill to think that Jehovah God, the wises being in the universe, is also sublimely humble? What a delight to draw close to this awesome yet mild, patient reasonable God!

Next time: Jesus Reveals The "Wisdom From God"

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

How Jehovah Displays Reasonableness

Consider again the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah, Lot and his family received explicit instructions from Jehovah's angel: "Escape to the mountainous region." However, this did not appeal to Lot. "Not that, please, Jehovah!" He begged. Convinced that he would die if he had to flee to the mountains, Lot pleaded that he and his family be allowed to flee to a nearby city named Zoar. Now, Jehovah had intended to destroy that city. Furthermore, Lot's fears had no real basis. Surely Jehovah could preserve Lot alive in the mountains! Nonetheless, Jehovah yielded to Lot's pleas and spared Zoar. "Here I do show you consideration to this extent also," the angel told Lot. (Genesis 19:17-22) Was that not reasonable on Jehovah's part?

Jehovah also responds to heartfelt repentance, always doing what is merciful and right. Consider what occurred when the prophet Jonah was sent to the wicked, violent city of Nineveh. When Jonah marched through the streets of Nineveh, the inspired message he proclaimed was quite simple:: The mighty city would be destroyed in 40 days. However, circumstances changed dramatically. The Ninevites repented! -Jonah, chapter 3.

It is instructive to compare how Jehovah reacted with how Jonah reacted to this turn of events. In this instance, Jehovah adapted, causing himself to become a Forgiver of sins instead of "a manly person of war." (Exodus 15:3) Jonah, on the other hand, was inflexible and far less merciful. Rather than reflecting Jehovah's reasonableness, he responded more like the freight train or the supertanker mentioned earlier. He had proclaimed doom, so doom it must be! Patiently, though, Jehovah taught his impatient prophet a memorable lesson in reasonableness and mercy. -Jonah, chapter 4.

Next time: The conclusion of How Jehovah Displays Reasonableness

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

Jehovah Is Reasonable

Jehovah's humility is manifest in yet another beautiful quality-reasonableness. This quality is sadly lacking among imperfect humans. Not only is Jehovah willing to listen to his intelligent creatures but he is also willing to yield when there is no conflict with righteous principles. As used in the Bible, the word "reasonable" literally means "yielding." This quality too is a hallmark of divine wisdom. James 3:17 says: "The wisdom from above is . . . reasonable." In what sense is the all-wise Jehovah reasonable? For one thing, he is adaptable. Remember, his very name teaches us that Jehovah causes himself to become whatever is needed in order to fulfill his purposes. (Exodus 3:14) Does that not indicate a spirit of adaptability and reasonableness?

There is a remarkable Bible passage that helps us begin to grasp Jehovah's adaptability. The prophet Ezekiel was given a vision of Jehovah's heavenly organization of spirit creatures. He saw a chariot of awe-inspiring proportions, Jehovah's own "vehicle" always under His control. Most were four-sided and full of eyes so that they could see everywhere and could change direction instantly, without stopping or turning. And this gigantic chariot did not have to lumber along like an unwieldy, man-made vehicle. It could moved at the speed of lightning, even making right-angled turns! (Ezekiel 1:1, 14, 28) Yes, Jehovah's organization, like the Almighty Sovereign in control of it, is supremely adaptable, responsive to the ever-changing situations and needs it must address.

Humans can only try to imitate such perfect adaptability. All too often, though, humans and their organizations are more rigid than adaptable, more unreasonable than yielding. To illustrate: A supertanker or a freight train might be awesome in terms of size and power. But can either one respond to sudden changes in circumstance? If an obstacle falls across the tracks in front of a freight train, turning is out of the question. Sudden stops are not much easier. A heavy freight train may take over a mile to stop after the brakes are applied! Similarly, a supertanker may coast onward for five miles after the engines are shut off. Even if the engines are thrown into reverse, the tanker may still plow on for two miles! It is similar with human organizations that are prone to rigidity and unreasonableness. Because of pride, men often refuse to adapt to changing needs and circumstances. Such rigidity has bankrupted corporations and even toppled governments. (Proverbs 16:18) How happy we can be that neither Jehovah nor his organization is anything like that!

Next time: How Jehovah Displays Reasonableness

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

Conclusion of Jehovah Delegates And Listens

Jehovah is willing to listen to imperfect humans who desire to express their concerns. For instance, when Jehovah first told Abraham of His intention to destroy Sodom and Gomorrah, that faithful man was puzzled. "It is unthinkable of you, "Abraham said, adding: "Is the Judge of all the earth not going to do what is right?" He asked whether Jehovah would spare the cities if 50 righteous men could be found there. Jehovah assured him that He would. But Abraham asked again, lowering the number to 45, then 40, and so on. Despite Jehovah's assurances, Abraham persisted until the number was as low as ten. Perhaps Abraham did not yet fully grasp how merciful Jehovah is. At any rate, Jehovah patiently and humbly allowed his friend and servant Abraham to express his concerns in this way. -Genesis 18:23-33.

How many brilliant, learned humans would listen so patiently to a person of vastly inferior intelligence? Such is the humility of our God. During the same interchange, Abraham also came to see that Jehovah is "slow to anger." (Exodus 34:6) Perhaps realizing that he had no right to question the doings of the Most High, Abraham twice begged: "May Jehovah, please, not grow hot with anger." (Genesis 18:30, 32) Of course, Jehovah did not. He truly does have the "mildness that belongs to wisdom."

Next time: Jehovah Is Reasonable

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

Jehovah Humbly Delegates And Listens

There is heartwarming proof of Jehovah's humility in his willingness to delegate responsibility and to listen. That he does so at all is amazing; Jehovah has no need for assistance or counsel. (Isaiah 40:13, 14; Romans 11:34, 35) Nonetheless, the Bible repeatedly shows us that Jehovah condescends in these ways.

Consider, for example, an outstanding event in the life of Abraham. Abraham had three visitors, one of whom he addressed as "Jehovah." The visitors were actually angels, but one of them came in Jehovah's name and was acting in His name. When that angel spoke and acted, it was, in effect, Jehovah speaking and acting. By this means, Jehovah told Abraham that He had heard a loud "cry of complaint about Sodom and Gomorrah." Jehovah stated: "I am quite determined to go down that I may see whether they act altogether according to the outcry over it that has come to me, and, if not, I can get to know it. (Genesis 18:3, 20, 21) Of course, Jehovah's message did not mean that the Almighty would "go down" in person. Rather, he again sent angels to represent him. (Genesis 19:1) Why? Could the all-seeing Jehovah not "get to know" the true condition of that region on his own? Certainly. But instead, Jehovah humbly gave those angels the assignment to investigate the situation and to visit Lot and his family in Sodom.

Furthermore, Jehovah listens. He once asked his angels to suggest various ways to bring about the downfall of wicked King Ahab. Jehovah did not need such help. Yet, he accepted the suggestion of one angel and commissioned him to follow through on it. (1 Kings 22:19-22) Was that not humble?

Next time: Conclusion of Jehovah Humbly Delegates And Listens

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

How Jehovah Proves To Be Humble

Humility is lowliness of mind, absence of arrogance and pride. An inner quality of the heart, humility is manifest in such traits as mildness, patience and reasonableness. (Galatians 5:22, 23) Never, though, should these godly qualities be mistaken for weakness or timidity. They are not incompatible with Jehovah's righteous anger or his use of destructive power. Rather, by his humility and mildness, Jehovah demonstrates his immense strength, his power to control himself perfectly. (Isaiah 42:14) How is humility related to wisdom? One reference work on the Bible notes: "Humility is finally defined . . . in terms of selflessness and is an essential root of all wisdom." Genuine wisdom, then, cannot exist apart from humility. How does Jehovah's humility benefit us?

King David sang to Jehovah: "You will give me your shield of salvation, and your own right hand will sustain me, and your humility will make me great.' (Psalm 18:35) In effect, Jehovah lowered himself in order to deal with this mere imperfect human, protecting and sustaining him day by day. David realized that if he was to find salvation-and even, eventually, achieve a measure of greatness as king-it would be only because of Jehovah's willingness to humble Himself in this way. Really, who of us would have any hope of salvation if Jehovah were not humble, willing to lower himself in order to deal with us as a mild and loving Father?

It is worth noting that there is a distinction between humility and modesty. Modesty is a beautiful quality for faithful humans to cultivate. Like humility, it is associated with wisdom. For example, Proverbs 11:2 says: Wisdom is with the modest ones." However, the Bible never speaks of Jehovah as being modest. Why not? Modesty, as used in the Scriptures, suggests a proper awareness of one's own limitations. The Almighty has no limitations except for those he imposes upon himself because of his own righteous standards. (Mark 10:27; Titus 1:2) Furthermore, as the Most High, he is subject to no one. So the concept of modesty simply does not apply to Jehovah.

However, Jehovah is humble and mild. He teaches his servants that mildness is essential to true wisdom. His Word speaks of "mildness that belongs to wisdom." (James 3:13) Consider Jehovah's example in this regard.

Next time: Jehovah Humbly Delegates And Listens

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

"Wise In Heart" -Yet Humble

A FATHER wants to impart a vital lesson to his small child. He is eager to reach the heart. What approach should he take? Should he tower intimidatingly over the child and use harsh language? Or should he bend down to the child's level and speak in a mild, appealing manner? Surely a wise, humble father would choose the mild approach.

What kind of Father is Jehovah-haughty or humble, harsh or mild? Jehovah is all-knowing, all-wise. Have you noticed, though that knowledge and intelligence do not necessarily make people humble? As the Bible says, "knowledge puffs up." (1 Corinthians 3:19; 8:1) But Jehovah, who is "wise in heart," is also humble. (Job 9:4) Not that he is in any way low in position or lacking in grandeur, but he is devoid of haughtiness. Why is that so?

Jehovah is holy. So haughtiness, a quality that defiles, is not in him. (Mark 7:20-22) Further, note what the prophet Jeremiah said to Jehovah: "Without fail your soul [Jehovah himself] will remember and bow low over me." (Lamentations 3:20) Imagine! Jehovah, the Sovereign Lord of the universe, was willing to "bow low," or come down to Jeremiah's level, in order to give that imperfect human favorable attention. (Psalm 113:7) Yes, Jehovah is humble. But what does godly humility involve? How is it related to wisdom? And why is is important to us?

Next time: How Jehovah Proves To Be Humble

Draw Close To Jehovah,

God's Wisdom And Sacred Secret

The sacred secret is an astonishing display of "the greatly diversified wisdom of God." (Ephesians 3:8-10) What wisdom Jehovah displayed in formulating this secret, then in revealing it so gradually! He wisely took into consideration the limitations of humans, allowing them to manifest their true heart condition. -Psalm 103:14.

Jehovah also showed matchless wisdom in his choice of Jesus as King. Jehovah's Son is more trustworthy than any other creature in the universe. In living as a man of blood and flesh, Jesus experienced many kinds of adversity. He fully understands human problems. (Hebrews 5:7, 9) And what about Jesus' co-rulers? Over the centuries, both men and women-chosen from all races, languages and backgrounds-have been anointed. There is simply no problem that individuals among them have not faced and overcome. (Ephesians 4:22-24) Living under the rule of these merciful king-priests will be a delight!

The apostle Paul wrote: "The sacred secret that was hidden from the past system of things and from the past generations . . .has been made manifest to his holy ones." (Colossians 1:26) Yes, Jehovah's anointed holy ones have come to understand much about the sacred secret, and they have shared such knowledge with millions. What a privilege all of us have! Jehovah has "made known to us the sacred secret of his will." (Ephesians 1:9) Let us share this marvelous secret with others, helping them likewise to peer into the unfathomable wisdom of God!

Next time: "Wise In Heart" -Yet Humble

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

The New Covenant

Perhaps the most dramatic revelation of all came on the night before Jesus' death when he told his faithful disciples about "the new covenant." (Luke 22:20) Like its predecessor, the Mosaic Law covenant, this new covenant was to produce "a kingdom of priests." (Exodus 19:6; 1 Peter 2:9) However, this covenant would establish, not a fleshly nation, but a spiritual one, "the Israel of God," made up exclusively of Christ's faithful anointed followers. (Galatians 6:16) These parties to the new covenant would share with Jesus in blessing the human race!

But why does the new covenant succeed in producing "a kingdom of priests" to bless mankind? Because instead of condemning Christ's disciples as sinners, it provides for the forgiveness of their sins through his sacrifice. (Jeremiah 31:31-34) Once they receive a clean standing before Jehovah, he adopts them into his heavenly family and anoints them with holy spirit. (Romans 8:15-17; 2 Corinthians 1:21) They thus experience "a new birth to a living hope . . .reserved in the heavens." (1 Peter 1:3, 4) Since such an elevated status is entirely new to humans, spirit-begotten anointed Christians are called "a new creation." (2 Corinthians 5:17) The Bible reveals that 144,000 will eventually share in ruling redeemed mankind from heaven. -Revelation 5:9, 10; 14:1-4.

Along with Jesus, these anointed ones become "Abraham's seed." (Galatians 3:29) The first ones chosen were fleshly Jews. But in 36 C.E., another aspect of the sacred secret was revealed: Gentiles , or non-Jews, would also share in the heavenly hope. (Romans 9:6-8; 11:25, 26; Ephesians 3:5, 6) Would anointed Christians be the only ones to enjoy the blessings promised to Abraham? No, for Jesus' sacrifice benefits the whole world. (1 John 2:2) In time, Jehovah revealed that an unnumbered "great crowd" would survive the end of Satan's system of things. (Revelation 7:9, 14) Multitudes more would be resurrected with the prospect of living forever in Paradise! -Luke 23:43; John 5:28, 29; Revelation 20:11-15; 21:3, 4.

Next time: God's Wisdom And The Sacred Secret

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

The Sacred Secret Revealed!

How these prophecies would be fulfilled remained a mystery until the Seed actually made his appearance. Galatians 4:4 says: "When the full limit of the time arrived, God sent forth his Son, who came to be out of a woman." In the year 2 B.C.E., an angel told a Jewish virgin name Mary: "Look! you will conceive in your womb and give birth to a son, and you are to call his name Jesus. This one will be great and will be called Son of the Most High; and Jehovah God will give him the throne of David his father . . . Holy Spirit will come upon you, and power of the Most High will overshadow you. For that reason also what is born will be called holy, God's Son." - Luke 1:31, 32, 35.

Later, Jehovah transferred the life of his Son from heaven to Mary's womb, so that he came to be out of a woman. Mary was an imperfect woman. Yet, Jesus did not inherit imperfection from her, for he was "God's Son." At the same time, Jesus' human parents, as descendants of David provided Him with both the natural and the legal rights of an heir of David. (Acts 13:22, 23) At Jesus' baptism in 29 C.E., Jehovah anointed him with holy spirit and said: "This is my Son, the beloved." (Matthew 3:16, 17) At last, the Seed had arrived! (Galatians 3:16) It was time to reveal more about the sacred secret. -2 Timothy 1:10.

During his ministry, Jesus identified the serpent of Genesis 3:15 as Satan and the serpent's seed as Satan's followers. (Matthew 23:33; John 8:44) Later, it was revealed how all of these would be crushed forever. (Revelation 20:1-3, 10, 15) And the woman was identified as "the Jerusalem above," Jehovah's heavenly wifelike organization of spirit creatures. -Galatians 4:26; Revelation 12:1-6.

Next time: The New Covenant

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

The Davidic Kingdom Covenant

In the 11the century B.C.E., Jehovah shed further light on the sacred secret when he made another covenant. He promised faithful King David: "I shall certainly rise up your seed after you . . .and I shall indeed firmly establish his kingdom . . .I shall certainly establish the throne of his kingdom to time indefinite." (2Samuel 7:12, 13; Psalm 89:3) Now the lineage of the promised Seed had been narrowed down to the house of David. But could an ordinary human rule "to time indefinite?" (89:20, 29, 34-36) And could such a human king rescued mankind from sin and death?

Under inspiration, David wrote: "The utterance of Jehovah to my Lord is: 'Sit at my right hand until I place your enemies as a stool for your feet.' Jehovah has sworn (and he will feel no regret): 'Your are a priest to time indefinite according to the manner of Melchizedek!' " (Psalm 110:1, 4) David's words applied directly to the promised Seed, or Messiah. (Acts 2:35, 36) This King would rule, not from Jerusalem, but from Heaven at Jehovah's "right hand." That would give him authority not just over the land of Israel but over the whole earth. (Psalm 2:6-8) Something more was here revealed. Note that Jehovah uttered a solemn oath that the Messiah would be "a priest . . . according to the manner of Melchizedek." Like Melchizedek, who served as king-priest in Abraham's day, the coming Seed would have a direct appointment from God to serve as King and Priest! -Genesis 14:17-20.

Over the years, Jehovah used his prophets to make further revelations about his sacred secret. Isaiah, for example revealed that the Seed would die a sacrificial death. (Isaiah 53:3-12) Micah foretold the place of the Messiah's birth. (Micah 5:2) Daniel even prophesied the exact timing of the Seed's appearance and death. - Daniel 9:24-27.

Next time: The Secret Secret Revealed!

Draw Close To Jehovah,

The Covenant With Israel

In 1513 B.C.E., Jehovah made a provision that set the scene fro further revelations about the sacred secret. He concluded a covenant with Abraham's descendants, the nation of Israel. Although now no longer in force, this Mosaic Law covenant was an essential part of Jehovah's purpose to bring about the promised Seed. How so? Consider three ways. First, the Law was like a protective wall. (Ephesians 2:14) Its righteous statutes acted as a barrier between Jew and Gentile. Thus the Law helped to preserve the line of the Seed of promise. Thanks largely to such protection, the nation still existed when God's due time arrived fro the Messiah to be born into the tribe of Judah.

Second, the Law thoroughly demonstrated mankind's need for ransom. A perfect Law, it exposed the inability of sinful humans to adhere to it fully. It thus served "to make transgressions manifest, until the seed should arrive to whom the promise had been made." (Galatians 3:19) By means of animal sacrifices, the Law offered provisional atonement for sins. But since, as Paul wrote, "it is not possible for the blood of bulls and of goats to take sins away," these sacrifices only foreshadowed Christ's ransom sacrifice. (Hebrews 10:1-4) For faithful Jews, then, that covenant became a "tutor leading to Christ." -Galatians 3:24.

Third, that covenant offered the nation of Israel a glorious prospect. Jehovah told them that if they proved faithful to the covenant, they would become "a kingdom of priests and a holy nation." (Exodus 19:5, 6) Fleshly Israel did eventually provide the first members of a heavenly kingdom of priests. However, as a whole, Israel rebelled against the Law covenant, rejected the Messianic Seed, and lost out of that prospect. Who, then, would complete the kingdom of priests? and how would that blessed nation be related to the promised Seed? Those aspects of the sacred secret would be revealed in God's due time.

Next time: The Davidic Kingdom Covenant

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

The Covenant With Abraham

Over two thousand years after man's expulsion from Paradise, Jehovah told his faithful servant Abraham: "I shall surely multiply your seed like the stars of the heavens . . .and by means of your seed all nations of the earth will certainly bless themselves due to the fact that you have listened to my voice." (Genesis 22:17, 18) This was more than a promise; Jehovah framed it in the form of a legal covenant and backed it by his unbreakable oath. (Genesis 17:1, 2; Hebrews 6:13-15) How remarkable that the Sovereign Lord actually contracted to bless mankind!

The Abrahamic covenant revealed that the promised Seed would come as a human, for he would be a descendant of Abraham. But who would he be? In time, Jehovah revealed that of Abraham's sons, Isaac would be a forebear of the Seed. Of Isaac's two sons, Jacob was selected. (Genesis 21:12; 28:13, 14) Later, Jacob uttered these profound words over one of his 12 sons: "The scepter will not turn aside from Judah, neither the commander's staff from between his feet, until Shiloh ["He To Whom It Belongs"] comes; and to him the obedience of the peoples will belong." (Genesis 49:10) Now it was known that the Seed would be a king, one who descended from Judah!

Next time: The Covenant With Israel

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

Conclusion of "God's Wisdom In A Sacred Secret"

How did Jehovah make such revelations? He used a series of covenants, or contracts, to reveal much. Likely, you have at one time or another entered into some sort of a contract-perhaps to buy a home or to borrow or lend money. Such a contract provided a legal guarantee that the terms agreed upon would be fulfilled. But why would Jehovah need to make formal covenants, or contracts, with humans? Surely, his word is sufficient guarantee of his promises. That is true, and yet, on a number of occasions, God has kindly backed his word with legal contracts. These ironclad agreements give us imperfect humans an even more solid basis for confidence in the promises of Jehovah. -Hebrews 6:16-18.

Next time: The Covenant With Abraham

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

Revealed Progressively

When Adam and Eve sinned, it may have appeared that Jehovah's purpose to have an earthly paradise inhabited by perfect humans had been thwarted. But God immediately addressed the problem. He said: "I shall put enmity between you and the [serpent] and the woman and between your seed and her seed. He will bruise you in the head and you will bruise him in the heel." -Genesis 3:15.

These were puzzling, cryptic words. Who was this woman? Who was the serpent? Who was the "seed" that would bruise the serpents head? Adam and Eve could only guess. Still, God's words provided hope for any faithful offspring of that unfaithful pair. Righteousness would triumph. Jehovah's purpose would be realized. But how? Ah, that was a mystery! The Bible calls it "God's wisdom in a sacred secret, the hidden wisdom." -1 Corinthians 2:7.

As the "Revealer of secrets," Jehovah would eventually unveil pertinent details regarding the outworking of this secret. (Daniel2:28) But he would do so gradually, progressively. To illustrate, we might think of the way a loving father responds when his little boy asks, "Dad, where did I come from?" A wise father provides only as much information as that little boy can grasp. As the boy gets older, the father tells him more. In a similar way, Jehovah determines when his people are ready for revelations of his will and purpose. -Proverbs 4:18; Daniel 12:4.

Next time: Conclusion of Revealed Progressively

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

"God's Wisdom In A Sacred Secret"

SECRETS! Because they intrigue , fascinate and mystify humans often have difficulty keeping them confidential. However, the Bible says: " The glory of God is the keeping of a matter secret." (Proverbs 25:2) Yes, as a Sovereign Ruler and Creator, Jehovah rightfully keeps some things secret from mankind until it is his due tie to reveal them.

However, there is a fascinating, intriguing secret that Jehovah has revealed in his Word. It is called "the sacred secret of [God's ] will." (Ephesians 1:9) Learning about it can do more than satisfy your curiosity. Knowledge of this secret can lead to salvation and can provide you with a glimpse into Jehovah's unfathomable wisdom.

Next time: Revealed Progressively

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002

Conclusion of A Book Of "Practical Wisdom"

God's Word offers this wise counsel: "The insight of a man certainly slows his anger, and it is beauty on his part to pass over transgression." (Proverbs 19:11) Insight is the ability to see beneath the surface, to look beyond the obvious. Insight nurtures understanding, for it can help us to discern why another person spoke or acted in a certain way. Endeavoring to grasp his genuine motives, feelings and circumstances may help us to dispel negative thoughts and feelings toward him.

The Bible contains this further piece of advice: "Continue putting up with one another and forgiving one another freely." (Colossians 3:13) The expression "continue putting up with one another" suggests being patient with others. tolerating the traits we may find irritating. Such forbearance can help us to avoid nursing petty grudges. "Forgiving"conveys the idea of letting go of resentment. Our wise God knows that we need to forgive others when there is sound basis for doing so. This is not only for their benefit but also for our own peace of mind and heart. (Luke 17:3, 4) What wisdom is found in God's Word!

Moved by his boundless love, Jehovah wanted to communicate with us. He chose the best possible way-a written "letter" penned by human writers under the guidance of holy spirit. As a result, Jehovah's own wisdom is found in its pages. This wisdom is "very trustworthy." (Psalm 93:5) As we bring our lives into harmony with it and as we share it with others, we are naturally drawn close to our all-wise God. In the next chapter, we will discuss another outstanding example of Jehovah's farsighted wisdom: his ability to foretell the future and to fulfill his purpose.

Next time: "God's Wisdom In A Sacred Secret"

Draw Close To Jehovah, 2002